Industry 4.0 is the digital transformation of manufacturing/production and related industries and value creation processes. Industry 4.0 is used interchangeably with the fourth industrial revolution and represents a new stage in the organization and control of the industrial value chain. Cyber-physical systems form the basis of Industry 4.0 (e.g., ‘smart machines’). They use modern control systems, have embedded software systems and dispose of an Internet address to connect and be addressed via IoT (the Internet of Things). This way, products and means of production get networked and can ‘communicate’, enabling new ways of production, value creation, and real-time optimization. Cyber-physical systems create the capabilities needed
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